Slip of the Tongue in Singing English Songs by Adult free essay sample

INTRODUCTION Since slip of the tongue Is the naturals condition that everyone find during his communication experience, people finally give many definition toward this phenomenon. In Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary slip of the tongue define as a condition when someone says something that they did not intend to say which is means the slip of the tongue Is not Intentional and it can not represent the true feelings of a person. On the other hand the opposite definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explain slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted utterances. The utterances coming out as the representation of the restrained or repressed Intention of the speaker. 80th definitions have their own strength and approval but here, the concern of the research Just limited on the reason or factors that cause slip of the tongue and the relation between rhythm/music genre to human ability in producing words under psycholinguistics analysis perspective. One condition that everybody have to understand is the research take a special condition. If slip of the tongue usually happen In normal conversation In this case slip of the tongue will observed in the sing activities.The reason for this condition is related to the concern of the research which will find the relation between rhythm/ music genre to human ability in producing words. So, the researcher find five different songs in different genre to be analyzed and In collecting data, observational method and recording technique used while In analyzing the data researcher used articulators identity method and presenting the result using informal and formal method. METHODS The data taken from five English songs which Is sing by adult and the object that researcher need to find Is the slips of the tongue by adult In singing those songs. In order to find the object of the research firstly the researcher have to find the songs that included into the criteria that explained in the background of the research. In this case, the researcher have to make a questionnaire to collect some information about the genre and the popular singer and songs that known by the participant. Then after collecting those information the researcher have to decide five songs that included into the categories by collecting the most similar answer by the participants.After collecting five songs as the tools of the observation,the researcher deed to record the songs that Is sing by the participants so, If we relate It to Astronauts book (1988) the method used by researcher In collecting the data Is observation and the technique used is recording. Nevertheless in devising the tools of the data researcher need to use questionnaire as the technique. This research Included into descriptive qualitative research because the data were collected In the f orm of utterances that produce by the second singer (adult) and the representation of the research is in the form of words.Due to this research purpose are to find the second singer while singing a song so, the researcher will use descriptive research because it designed to obtained information concerning the current status of the phenomenon and directed toward determine the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the research in the label of qualitative method (Ray 1972:259) Differ from quantitative research, this research will concern on the complex and larger concentration. The researcher of qualitative research have to give a meaning for the phenomenon holistically and need to play areole in the whole process (Sudan, 2002).The research it self will approve the phenomenon with the perspective of the researcher so, there should be a method used to analyze the data taken. Lately many expert use triangulation method to analyze the data. This method is a study application that used multimedia for analyze the similar phenomenon, (Dentin, 1989 in Sudan, 2002). According to Dentin and Chime there are five types of triangulation : theoretical triangulation, triangulation data, methodological triangulation,investigator triangulation and triangulation analysis (Sudan, 2002:38).Then this research will focus only theoretical triangulation which is means hat the researcher will combine some theory from the different aspects of linguistics such as psycholinguistics, phonology, morphology and syntactic perspective to analyzing the data. After analyzing the data, rese archer present the result of analysis by using the informal and formal method. Informal method is a way of presenting the findings by using a verbal statement (natural luggage) while a formal method is a way of presenting the analysis by using signs and symbols (artificial language).THEORY In linguistics, language production is the production of spoken or written language. It ascribes all of the stages between a concept and translating the concept into linguistic form. (Levels, 1989) As Frocking and Ratter (1998) argued when we produced an utterance there is a correspondence between our thought and wishes which convey the message but when the storage space of the brain is finite we may never produce a number of the infinite sentence. From those explanation we know that we must construct sentences from smaller parts or units before we are able to say them.The main issues then concern on the processes by which units come to be selected and then combined in a particular order. Gleason and Ratter 1998) The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing. The first is conceptualization. The speaker must decide the message to be conveyed. It is also called the verbally message or the message level of representation. This stage is often represented by a thought bubble. It means that this level connects the intention to speak and the concepts to be verbally expressed. Levels 1989) On the other hand, Jaeger (2005:8) proposed this stage which also includes not only general and specific world knowledge but also the speakers knowledge about the linguistics ragtime conventions of their speech community. Therefore speakers must take account of what they called the common ground. The common ground between two people consists of their mutual beliefs, expectations, and knowledge. If someone overhears a conversation between two friends, it can be very hard to follow, because s/he has a lack common ground. The second level is formulation.Levels (1989) stated that the speaker must convert linguistics form of the idea meant to be expressed. This process also known as the processes of grammatical encoding, starting from lexical component selection which s activate the message and it includes semantic and syntactic properties. Jaeger, 2005:8) Then, the last is articulation / execution. The speaker have to make a plan of the motor movements to convey the message. It also involves detailed phonetic and articulators planning (Levels, 1989). Errors in Articulator Program According to Clark and Clark (1977), there are types of errors occur with a number of different linguistics units.In some cases, a single phoneme is added,deleted, or moved, but at other times, it may be sequence of phonemes, morphemic,affixes and root, whole words, or even phrases. As general rule, errors tend to occur at only one linguistics level per utterance. That is, when a person clearly says the wrong word, as in substitutions, the syntactic structure of the sentence, productivities, and phonological structure remain intact. According to Frocking and Ratter (1998) such errors in production is called speech error. It regularly occurs in normal conversation. A speech error is a pattern that differs from some standard pattern. Speech errors are common among children who have yet to refine their speech, and can frequently continue into adulthood. They moieties lead to embarrassment and betrayal the speakers regional or ethnic origins. However, it is also common for them to enter the popular culture as a kind of linguistic flavoring. There are nine types of speech error: silent pauses, Filled pauses, repeats, false starts (unreturned), False starts (retraced), Interjections, Stutters, Slips of the tongue.Later on this research will not discuss all of the kind of the speech error but Just focus on slip of the tongue. According to Frocking (in Clark, 1977) slips of the tongue have occurred when the speakers utterance differs in some way from the intended utterance. Jaeger (2005) defined slips of the tongue as one-time error in speech production planning; that is the speakers intends to utters a certain word, phrase, or sentence but in the middle of planning process the utterances came out of the mouth differ from the intended words which want to say.Freud argued that slip of the tongue is in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speakers unconscious or semi-conscious desires. He proposes that when somebody misspeak, it is an accidental expression of thoughts or feelings. Freud would argue that slips of the tongue were never accidents, that they always revealed some underlying unconscious or repressed need to impulse. In Frauds mind, this verbal slip could not have been accidental or based on any explanation other than the indispensable condition of suppression he had proposed. Cornerstone of all slips of the tongue could operate at three different levels.On one level, the suppression could be conscious and deliberate on another suppression, it can be identified afterward by the person who made the slips but was not intended beforehand, and at the deepest level the person absolutely denies the suppression. For Freudians, it really does not matter what level the person made a slip of the tongue is operating at. For them in all cases, the slip is the results of the conflict between two forces-the underlying unacceptable need and the tendency to keep it hidden. According to Dell (as cited in Applause, 1999), slips of the tongue unintended,uninhabitable deviations from a speech plan.Slips of the tongue happened in three levels Those are in sound errors, morpheme errors, and word errors. Sound errors are accidental interchanges of sounds between words such as snow flurries might become flow sundries. Morpheme errors are accidental interchanges of morphemes between words. For example self-destruct instruction might become selflessness destruction. Word errors are accidental transpositions of words. For example: Writing a letter to my mother might become Writing a mother to my letter. Major types of slips of the tongue according to Carol: 1.Shift In Shift one speech segment disappears from it appropriate location and appears somewhere else. Example : Thats so shell be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides tooth it); get its (gets it); 2. Exchange In effect,double shift, in which two linguistic units exchange. Example : Fancy getting our model renowned (getting your nose remodeled); writing a mother to my letter (writing a letter to my mother); slickly thinned (thinly sliced); 3. Anticipation occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier one. Example : Bake my bike (take my bike); leading list (reading list) sky is in the sky (sun is in the sky); 4.Preservation Occur when a earlier segment replaces a later item. For instance He pulled a pantry (tantrum); beef needle (beef noodle); 5. Addition A unit is added for example : I didnt explain this culturally enough (carefully enough); to strained it (to strain it); 6. Deletion A unit is deleted. For instance : same sate (same state); Ill Just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly); 7. Substitution A unit is changed into a different unit. 8. Blend Blend occur when two speech units are combined. For instance : That child is looking to be spangled (spanked/paddled).The thing that we have to considered here is slip of the tongue is a condition where the utterance is not utter correctly based on the idea of the speaker. In this case the process of producing sounds was broken in the last phase ( articulation phase) where human produce the sound to speaking. So, based on the reality above in analyzing he data we have to combining some linguistics Frances and in this case the are psycholinguistic, phonology and morphology and also syntax. ANALYSIS From the explanation above here are some data taken from the participant when they are singing English song.Table 1 Title If I Die Young If I Die Young Singer The band Perry Genre Rock Rock Lyrics Second Singer (Indonesian) The sharp knife of a short life, well Ive had, Just enough time. (1 a) Ive have, Just enough time. (1 b) From the table above we can see that : Vie had Vie have had have /hd/ /hv/ Both of d/ and [v/ in the table of phonetic symbols take place as fricatives, flat and iced. Nevertheless d included as the sound in dental alveolar while V in the labia dental sounds. So, in this case a dental alveolar sound changed by a labia dental sound.Table 2 Title Make Me Strong Make Me strong Singer Same Hussy Second Singer (Indonesian) Lyrics My lord show me right from wrong Give me light make me strong I know the road is long make me strong (AAA) My lord show me right from wrong Give me right make me strong I know the road is long make me strong (b) Based on the data above the change is happen on sentence AAA Give me light replaced by the Give me right in the b sentence Give me light Give me right eight right /alit/ /rat/ Both II/ and [r/ are voiced liquids sounds in dental alveolar thing that make them differ is the position of producing the sounds II/ take place in lateral and [r/ in the central. Table 3 Title MY Heart Will Goon MY Heart Will Goon Singer Cline Don Second Singer (Indonesian) Genre Pop Pop Lyric Everything in my dreams (1) I see you, I feel you That is how I know you go on Far across the distance And spaces between (2) us You have come to show you go on (AAA) Everything in my times (1) I see you, I feel you And spaces mine (2) us You have come to show you go on (b) room the table we get that AAA. 1 becomes b. 1 and AAA. Changes into b. 2 for clearance let we see the explanation below. AAA. 1 Everything in my dreams Everything in my times b. 1 / driers/ AAA. 2 And spaces between us between mine /between/ /Minnie/ dreams /teams/ times And spaces mine us lb/ is a bilabial stop voiced sound meanwhile Im/ is bilabial nasal voiced sound then It/ is dental alveolar stop voiceless sound and In/ is dental alveolar nasal voiced sound. Both changes happen in the same place such as lb/ replace by Im/ which are take place in bilabial but lb/ is stop but Im/ is nasal then the next It/ place by In/ both are in dental alveolar but m stop voiceless and In/ nasal voiced.Table 4 Title Love Story Love Story Singer Taylor Swift Second Singer Lyric We were both young when I first saw you I close my eyes and the flashback starts (1) Im standing there on a balcony in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns (3) See you make your way through the crowd And say hello Little did I know (4) (AAA) We were both young when I first saw you I close my eyes and the Flash starts (1) Im standing there on a Gallons in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gains (3) Little I know (4) b) In this song the researcher find 4 changes toward the song. They are : AAA. 1 replaced by b. 1 I close my eyes and the flashback starts starts flashback flash /FLsubk/ /FLsys/ AAA. 2 replaced by b. I close my eyes and the Flash Im standing there on a balcony in summer air Im standing there on a Gallons in summer air balcony gallons /belknine/ /gelknine/ lb/ is a bilabial stop voiced sound which is replaced by [g/ palatal stop voiced. AAA. 3 replaced by b. 3 See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns See the lights, see the party, the ball gains gowns gains /gains/ /gains/ AAA. 4 replaced by b. Little did I know Little I know After explaining the changes above, now the researcher try to classified the problems into the kinds of slip of the tongue. 1. Deletion : Deletion is a kind of slip of the tongue where one item are deleted in the data above we find it in the data number 4. (AAA. 1 replaced by b. ) l close my eyes and the flashback starts become I close my eyes and the Flash starts Here flashback becomeflash which is means back are deleted The next data is AAA. 4 that replaced by b. 4 2. Substitution: Ive had, Just enough time become Ive have, Just enough time Everything in my reams become Everything in my times Give me light make me strong become Give me right make me strong And spaces between us become And spaces mine us Im standing there on a balcony in summer air become Im standing there on a Gallons in summer air See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns become See the lights, see the party, the ball gains These six data are included in substitution class because all of them get a consonant error or vowel error such as AAA. 3 replaced by b. owe replaced by a' gowns gains Then other get a philological error such as AAA. 2 replaced by b. Lb/ replaced by [g/ For the replaced of the sounds the pattern are not define yet because each people has their own problem in replacing the sound and it is need more data for defining the pattern of the replacing phonemes. Nevertheless the reason that influence the second singer get slip of the tongue could be analyses based on some theory from the expert. Before executing an utterance we have to make a plan in our brain first. A speaker builds up a general structure for the discourse, form a skeleton for the sentence to be uttered and select words to fit the skeleton constituent by constituent.In speaking, people take already formulated plan and execute them but not all goes well in every speech. In practice, they have fundamental problems. First, they have formulated their plans fully before they begin their execution. For this reason, they often speak fast and start to make variety of speech error. Second, in final preparation for execution, they must build an articulator program, a plan in working memory that tells the articulator muscles what to do them (Clark and Clark 1977) Clark also says that the planning takes time and more time on some occasions than others. The more difficult the planning, the more time it should take and the more likely speech itself will be disrupted. Then, when slip of the tongue occurs here are some factors that influence it; 1 . Cognitive Difficulty The first factor of planning difficulty is called cognitive difficulty. Taylor in Clark and Clark (1977), conducts a study in which people were asked to produce as quickly as possible a sentence on topic like car, animal, pleasure, and dominance some of these are concrete objects (car and animal) and others are abstract (pleasure and dominance). It took people longer to produce the first word of the sentence from an abstract than from the concrete one. Furthermore, it took them longer to develop a sentence skeleton for an abstract topic. 2.Situational Anxiety Situational anxiety is the second factor of slips of the tongue. When we talk about topics that we are anxious about, we tend to produce more silent pauses and certain execution processes generally. If speakers become tense, their planning and execution become less efficient. Another possibility is that what the speakers talk about is simply more difficult cognitively when s/he is anxious. It may be very difficult to verbalize the more time planning, groping, for Just the right words. Under this alternative anxiety, pauses have the same source as the pauses of any other cognitively difficult talk (Clark and Clark 1977). The same cases also happen when people singing a song.When the song is familiar and interest the singer the process of production the words will easier than the one who does not. Then the frequency of error will higher in in the singer who does not like the songs. 3. Social Factors The next factor that influences slips of the tongue is the social factors. Under the pressures of conversations, the speaker must take clearly whether they still have meeting to say or they are finished. On other hand, there are some factors that errors can occur. Those are low self confidence and the environment factor which in this case is family (Wireman, Separate Indonesia No. 135/1 Sunday 14th May 2006). Here, the pressure coming out from the music.The music itself has a rhythm which is conducting the repetition of the sounds in the certain pattern or design. Then the next is the tempo of the music which is defines as the time or the speed of the song. Then the last one is the sound of the singer which influences the second singer to plicate their pronunciations while singing. CONCLUSION Slip of the tongue define as a condition when someone says something that they did not intend to say which is means the slip of the tongue is not intentional and it cannot represent the true feelings of a person. On the other hand the opposite definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explains slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted utterances.The utterances coming out as the representation of the restrained or repressed intention of the speaker. Nevertheless in this research most of slip that occur usually coming out because the second singer eels very familiar with the sound and produce it without paying too much attention or the opposite reason is the song is not familiar so the singer trying very hard to understand the meaning and try to imitate the first singer and the result is s/he get a big pressure while singing. For sure, those reasons are explained in the three factors that influence the occurrence of slip of the tongue: cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and the last one is social factors.